Egypt and his people

I remember that when I was little, like 9 - 10 years old, mama bought me the Bible for kids :). I was so fascinated with this book and I was reading it with all pleasure imagining all the stories that were written there, helped by the images from the Bible.

Because it was as I said to you - Bible for kids, all the stories were written in the most easy and understandable way, with simple, common words and the stories were short, maximum 1 page and on the other page was the image... the image that was presenting the most important part from the story.

In the beginning of the Bible, there was a previous page with comments and 1 special comment remain in my heart until today: "A picture worth 1000 words". That time too, I was little to understand the meaning of this line, but I kept it in my mind and with every year I grew up, I started to discover more and more the meaning of this: "A picture worth 1000 words".

By the way... I still have the Bible for kids today too :) after 20 years I still have it and it waits for me all the time I want to remember about the moments when I was a child... well, according to my beloved husband, I am still a child today too... his child ^__^.

So today I want to tell you a story of thousands of words... but in images. Today you will see the people of Egypt as I see them, as I feel them, as others see and feel them too. Today you will "read" the stories of the Egyptians... Egyptians from the cities, Egyptians from the country, young Egyptians, old Egyptians, Egyptians kids, Egyptian Women, Egyptian men, Egyptian workers, Egyptian wives, Egyptians daughters and mothers... Egyptians all over Egypt.

Ready my Reader for your new journey? 

Shopkeeper in the Aswan Bazaar

 Wedding Party Circa 1930

 Bedouin Lunch with Tourists

Bedouin Woman in the Sinai

Donkey's Just Don't Care About Time

Camel Police of Giza

Girl on a Bench (Aswan)

Snooze

Snake Charmer

Young Lady of the Khan

Entertainer at Festival

Bedouin Wash Day

Teens, Old and New

Towheed Ramy, Founder of Egyptian Multimedia

Alabaster Worker at Luxor

Boy and Donkey in the Bahariya Oasis

Band at the Sheraton

Making Bread at the Gezirah Sheraton

Bread Maker

Good day for boys

Boys and their transportation

Whirling Dervish

Fishing on the Nile

Relaxing in Kom Ombo

Girl and her transportation

Egyptian Folk Dance

Belly dancer

A very Young Gamal Nasser

Egyptiand teen

Night fishing (that's what I call a "catch")

Egyptian eyes

Mummy of Henttawy

A very friendly coffee owner

Old times Egyptian coffee shop

Umm Kalthum & Sphinx

Young fisherman

3 Bedouin girls

Sugar Cane Farmer

Street vendor

Egyptian cafeteria

Shaded Guide

Women Students at Cairo University

Luxor

Luxor market

Siwan Men Gather Together

Norman de Garis Davies

Camel Trader

The Ritual of Shai

Tea Break Siwa Style

Bishops Celebrate Coptic Christmas

Courtyard Color

Woman on a Felucca

Bedouin Hospitality

Fishing in the Nile

Bedouin Shepherdess

Bartender in Downtown Cairo

Heading to the Field

Quiet Contemplation

We had a jeep here somewhere

Old times Whirling Dervish

Playing the Rababa

Antiquities Guard Abdul Maugoud

How Big is the Oasis?

Tea Break

Joyous Schoolgirls

Street Scene

Stone cutter

Little girl from Sinai

Players at Dendera Temple

Wash Day

Young Girl and her Goat

Copper Artisan

Girl in bazaar

Date Harvest

Young Goat Herder

Shoeshine Man

Benha Schoolgirl

Camel Diving

Making a Living on the Nile

Asleep on the Job

Sheik Hussein Abd el Rassuhl

1910 - 1997
Notation: The last survivor of the Howard Carter Party,
cursed by the mummy to live 87 years!

Time Out Along the Nile

T. E. Lawrence Rides Again

Waiting for the President

Yam Vendor in Cairo

Turkey in images

Geography

Turkey is at the northeast end of the Mediterranean Sea in southeast Europe and southwest Asia. To the north is the Black Sea and to the west is the Aegean Sea. Its neighbors are Greece and Bulgaria to the west, Russia, Ukraine, and Romania to the north and northwest (through the Black Sea), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east, and Syria and Iraq to the south. The Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus divide the country. Turkey in Europe comprises an area about equal to the state of Massachusetts. Turkey in Asia is about the size of Texas. Its center is a treeless plateau rimmed by mountains. 

History

Anatolia (Turkey in Asia) was occupied in about 1900 B.C. by the Indo-European Hittites and, after the Hittite empire's collapse in 1200 B.C. , by Phrygians and Lydians. The Persian Empire occupied the area in the 6th century B.C. , giving way to the Roman Empire, then later the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Turks first appeared in the early 13th century, subjugating Turkish and Mongol bands pressing against the eastern borders of Byzantium and making the Christian Balkan states their vassals. They gradually spread through the Near East and Balkans, capturing Constantinople in 1453 and storming the gates of Vienna two centuries later. At its height, the Ottoman Empire stretched from the Persian Gulf to western Algeria. Lasting for 600 years, the Ottoman Empire was not only one of the most powerful empires in the history of the Mediterranean region, but it generated a great cultural outpouring of Islamic art, architecture, and literature.

After the reign of Sultan Süleyman I the Magnificent (1494–1566), the Ottoman Empire began to decline politically, administratively, and economically. By the 18th century, Russia was seeking to establish itself as the protector of Christians in Turkey's Balkan territories. Russian ambitions were checked by Britain and France in the Crimean War (1854–1856), but the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) gave Bulgaria virtual independence and Romania and Serbia liberation from their nominal allegiance to the sultan. Turkish weakness stimulated a revolt of young liberals known as the Young Turks in 1909. They forced Sultan Abdul Hamid to grant a constitution and install a liberal government. However, reforms were no barrier to further defeats in a war with Italy (1911–1912) and the Balkan Wars (1912–1913). Turkey sided with Germany in World War I, and, as a result, lost territory at the conclusion of the war.

Cities of Turkey

ISTANBUL

Istanbul historically Byzantium and Constantinople; is the largest city in Turkey, largest city proper and second largest metropolitan area in Europe, and fourth largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.6 million. Istanbul is also a mega city, as well as the cultural and financial center of turkey. The city covers 27 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosporus strait and encompasses the natural harbor known as the golden horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosporus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents.

In its long history, Istanbul has served as the capital city of the Roman Empire (330–395), the (Byzantine) East Roman Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). The city was chosen as joint European Capital of culture for 2010. The historic areas of Istanbul were added to the UNESCO world heritage list in 1985.

Istanbul is an old city; you can see the remains of many ancient civilizations and their culture in harmony with Turkish culture. The old versus the new, the traditional versus the modern is a conflict a visitor often observes. The city is full of contrasts, and colorful views.

ANKARA

Very familiar to most people as the capital of Turkey, Ankara is actually only the country's second-biggest city, being considerably smaller than Istanbul. However, Ankara is actually a very large and presentable Turkish city, constantly expanding and offering a rather sophisticated and modern character. Many wide streets are now lined with coffee shops and eateries, particularly around the energetic Kizilay area.

Various tourist hotspots present themselves around the city of Ankara and in particular, along the Ataturk Bulvari, which serves as a prominent artery. The Ulus Meydani, known simply as 'Ulus', is another important tourism hub in the city and this central square is close to a number of leading museums, while also offering a choice of accommodation and inexpensive restaurants. Nearby, the Ankara Tourist Information Office is easy to find and stands directly opposite the Maltepe Akaray Train Station, on the Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvari.

Although Ankara is somewhat overshadowed by the enormous Turkish city of Istanbul, but really does compete well in the way of quality tourist attractions. The city's Citadel walls are positively ancient and comprise a mixture of different architectural styles through the ages. Also of a great age and much visited are the Roman Baths of Ankara, which remain is a good state of repair, considering that they are more than 1,700 years old. The Ataturk Mausoleum is yet another major sight, while for families, the attractions within the Ataturk Forest Farm and Zoo and Aquapark Club Watercity comes highly recommended.

ANTALYA Antalya (formerly known as Adalia; from Pamphylian Greek: Αττ?λεια Attália) is a large town and tourist destination, situated on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey. It is the capital city of Antalya Province. The population of the city is 603,190 (2000 census) but reaches up to two million in summers at the height of tourism season. Situated on a steep cliff over the Mediterranean, Antalya is a picturesque city surrounded by mountains. Developments in tourism, starting in the 1970s, have transformed the city into an international resort. With its airport and central location, Antalya is "the capital of Turkish tourism", a gateway for the Turkish riviera and many historical sites. Furthermore, with its palm-lined boulevards, its prize-winning marina, the unspoilt historical neighbourhood of Kaleiçi, and the modern developments along the coast, the city of Antalya is a major attraction in its own right. Antalya and its surroundings are a very important part of Turkish tourism.

Antalya city corresponds to the lands of ancient Pamphylia to the east and Lycia to the west. Antalya has plenty of accommodation, a very hot climate and many places to visit both in and around the city, including traces of Lycian,Pamphylian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman architecture and cultures.

 

The city as a whole has grown huge now and the infrastructure such as roads and drains are struggling to catch up, but there are still areas that are very attractive indeed: Kaleiçi, with its narrow cobbled streets of historic Turkish and Greek houses is the old center of Antalya, now mainly hotels, gift shops, and many, many bars. The big new hotels such as the Sheraton are along the coast above the Konyaalti and Lara beaches, and indeed spread along the coast in both directions far beyond the city of Antalya itself.

  

KUSADASI

Early settlements in Kusadasi were by the Lelegians and Carians who moved from the central Anatolia around the year 3000BC. They established of a colony on the outskirts of Pilav Mountain in Kusadasi, and founded the cities Ania and Melia. Mild climate allowed the inhabitants to grow essential products such as olive, grape and figs for extracting oil or making wine and sweets on the fertile lands around the city.

In the 10th century BC "12 Ionian Cities "-Samos, Khios, Miletos, Priene, Ephesus, Teos, Erythrai, Priena, Klazonemi, Lebedos, Phokaia, Colophon, Smyrna, were established and were known for the most developed cities of the age. The annual meeting place of the Ionian League, Panionian, was founded around Kusadasi; and the cities of Phygale, Marathesion and Neopolis were established within the borders of the city. 

Kusadasi was ruled by the Ottoman Empire after the invasion of Sultan Mehmet Celebi in the year 1413. During the reign of Ottomans, glorious new structures were built in Kusadasi Okuz Mehmet Pasa Caravanserai is the principal legacy of the Ottoman architecture in the city, and was built by the man of the same name, who was the vizier during the reigns of Sultan Ahmet1 and Osman2. The fortress is gates and walls and many mosques in the centre of Kusadasi, as well as the citadel of the castle in Pigeon Island, were built in the Ottoman period, reflecting the architectural style of the era. "Kusadasi " that means "bird island" and took its name from Pigeon Island.

Today, Kusadasi is one of Turkey's most sophisticated holiday centres; it is a perfect place for vacation with its sandy beaches and glassy water. The contrast between the lively holiday life and the quietness of the ancient ruins create the special atmosphere of the city.

"Habibi boy" type or "My Granny habebty" :)))))))))))))

When a man is old enough to do something wrong, he is old enough to do something right.

In the last years I heard about a lot of new cases of intimate destruction between old foreign women from USA, Europe, Asia, Australia and Arabian men. 

The number of women attempting to form, what they believe as a long term relationship, with men young enough to be their son or even grandson is increasing. 

The majority of these women are quite intelligent which makes their behavior more baffling, statistically more than 75% of these cross cultural relationships or pseudo marriages end in divorce or abandonment,

When a dark eyed 22 year old man holds you in his arms and whispers he wants to grow old with you, try to remember you are already approaching 45, 55, 65,  and that you are biologically, organically and every other ally one could describe, you are already old. Doesn’t take a genius to work out when you are 80 this guy will still be so young, you’ll be using him as a Zimmer frame.

It seems middle to old age foreign women are acquiring the label ‘sex tourist". Unlike most European or American and Asian holiday destinations, sex outside of marriage is not accepted in Arabic countries.
However in the side alleys and back rooms of certain Lawyers in the Arabian countries you will find the ‘live in sin license.’ The ‘Urfi’ is a piece of paper, a formal contract of intent to marry. It is being used by growing numbers of young Egyptian gigolos simply as a way of getting around religious strictures against having pre-marital sex.

For the older post menopausal, sexually active blinkered woman the Urfi is simply a piece of paper which allows her to bring her young gigolo into her home.

Most Arabian guys have a high sense of honour and behave in an appropriate way towards members of the opposite sex.

However tourist areas attract a certain type of predator, the ‘Habibi Boy’
The ‘Habibi Boy’ is only in love with money or the determination to get a visa to a destination where he is simple enough to believe the streets are paved with foreign gold.
Any elderly lady who is conned into thinking the ‘Habibi Boy’ is really in love with her needs her head tested.
Remove your clothes lady, stand in front of a full length mirror and tell me, does your body compare in any shape or form to a 25 year old woman?
Then ask yourself this question: “What normal young man would actually want to sleep with his Granny?

You might have gone to great lengths to explain to this ignorant juvenile the meaning of the female reproductive system, you no longer have the ability to provide him with offspring. You might even take the softly, softly approach because you are too embarrassed to say ‘my reproductive organs have shriveled up to the size of raisins.’
‘Habibi Boy’ will swear he doesn’t care, he doesn’t want children he only wants you. You are his life, his soul and two thousand other descriptions he can fabricate from the romantic songs of Amr Diab.

So an year down the road, why is it he disappears to his hometown or in the village he came out from after convincing you to invest in a little business, one which his brother can run for you both? The little business  usually involves Shaorma.

Your financial investment is used for a big slap-up village wedding with a young bride his family have chosen for him; nine months later he becomes a ‘daddy Habibi Boy.’ You are crushed, your whole world has fallen apart, you remind him of all the beautiful lies he has told you. He insists everything he said was true. He swears he didn’t want to marry the young, beautiful bride but his father insisted and he must obey his father.
He also tells you nothing will change and in his head he believes this. The only difficulty in this equation now is your funds are getting less and you will have two more members of a family you didn’t subscribe too.

Of course you do have a choice, accept the situation where your little love nest becomes the little half way house, or kick him out.

Unfortunately many women are accepting this situation for some unknown psychological reason known only to them.

Their lives are miserable, confused, always checking ‘Habibi Boy’s texts and Facebook page.
These women are under the illusion that the power exerted over them by these juvenile delinquents is because he loves them so much!
This isn’t love, this is ‘control’ you are his meal ticket or maybe his future status of emigrant relies solely upon you.

“I love you, I love you, I want to grow old with you, you are my sun, moon and stars!”  Think of how the two you would look walking arm in arm down the high street in Wigan? Think of the derision you would suffer from friends, family and strangers and get a grip.
Don’t anyone tell me ‘MMD.’ (My Mohammed is different)! If he is so different why do you carry your purse in a holster strapped under your arm?

He might look like Captain Charisma, but believe me under that handsome exterior is a Neo Fascist.
Once he has your money, bye bye love, once he has sped off with the car you just happened to put in his name because he conned you into believing it would be much easier to register. Once his name is on the deeds of your apartment he will disappear, you might even be lucky enough to get a text from him which says “Good bye you old bag,”

Delusions are sometimes romantically linked with adolescence, after that we stop trusting like a child and think like an adult.
Love and friendship is not painted in broad strokes.
Relationships are not time-shares, functioning is not enough, your happiness comes from within you, you don’t need anyone else to complete it.
There are many cross cultural marriages that work, however these unions did not meet in the artificial holiday environment of exotic Arabian resorts.

Before you dive into the murky waters of a relationship with a young ‘Habibi Boy’ look on the internet and see if his name has been put on one of the many Blacklists.

REMEMBER THESE WORDS:

The man who asks  a woman for money is not a man.

The Paradise was born on Earth: Mauritius island

Geography

Mauritius is an island nation off the coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about 900 kilometres east of Madagascar. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands.

Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands, with the French island of Réunion 200 km to the southwest and the island of Rodrigues 570 km to the northeast. This archipelago was formed in a series of undersea volcanic eruptions, as the African plate drifted over the Réunion hotspot. They are no longer volcanically active, and the hotspot now rests under Réunion. The island of Mauritius itself is formed around a central plateau, with its highest peak in the southwest, Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire at 828 metres. Around the plateau, the original crater can still be distinguished from several mountains.

The island's capital and largest city is Port Louis, in the northwest. Other important towns are Curepipe, Vacoas, Phoenix, Quatre Bornes, Rose-Hill and Beau-Bassin.

Climate

Mauritius has a tropical maritime climate, with relatively little seasonal variation in temperatures, and generally pleasant and sunny on the coast year round. Winter from May to October is warm and dry. Summer from November to April is hot, humid and rainy. Cyclones occur between January and March. Sea breezes blow all year, especially on the east coast, and the inland central plateau around Curepipe is cooler and rainy year round.

The temperature on the coastal areas varies between 22°C in winter and 34°C in summer. The sea temperature varies between 22°C and 27°C. In the central part of the island, the maximum daytime temperature varies from about 19°C in August to about 26°C in February. The western and northern regions are warmer and relatively drier than the East and the South.

Fauna & Flora
 

The island is well known for its natural beauty. 

Mauritius boasts a huge range of sea treasures and infinite wealth. The Mauritian sea never fails to surprise: multi-coloured fish, moray eels, magnificent coral beds.
Skin-diving masks, flippers and scuba diving equipment. Enjoy one of the happiest experiences in the world! Whether you are in a diving suit or in a submarine, Mauritius can introduce you to the secrets of its submarine world.

One of the most spectacular ways to explore the ocean beds is to go on board the Blue Safari submarine. You will enjoy a superb encounter with the marine life and get a chance to see various wrecks dating back to the 17th century. Night diving, «honeymoon» diving and training sessions are available.

The flora of Mauritius is composed of 700 species of indigenous plants. Many of these plants are threatened with extinction. This is because there is less than 2% of their natural habitat left, and because introduced plants and animals compete and destroy thein fruits and seedlings.

History of Mauritius

Discovery
 

It has been frequently hypothesized that Mauritius was first discovered by the Arabs but this is without proof. The first historical evidence of the existence of an island which we now know as Mauritius, is on a map produced by the Italian cartographer Alberto Cantino in 1502. Cantino shows three islands which are thought to represent the Mascarenes (Reunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues) and calls them diba margabin, dina aroby and dina morare. What is known is that the mediaeval Arab world called the Indian Ocean island region, Waqwaq.

Portuguese sailors (1507–1513)
Mauritius was discovered and visited by the Portuguese between 1507 and 1513.

An official world map by Diogo Ribeiro described “from west to east, the first island, ‘’Mascarenhas’’, the second, ‘’Santa Apolonia’’ and the third, ‘’Domingo Froiz’’. The three islands (Réunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues) were discovered some years earlier by chance during an exploratory expedition of the coast of the Golf of Bengal lead by Tristão da Cunha. The expedition ran into a cyclone and was forced to modify course. Thus, the ship ‘’Cirne’’ of the captain Diogo Fernandes Pereira, came into view of Réunion island on 9 February 1507. They called the island ‘’Santa Apolonia’’ in honor of that day’s saint. Mauritius was discovered during the same expedition and received the name of ‘’Cirne’’ and Rodrigues that of ‘’Diogo Fernandes’’. Five years later, the islands were visited by Dom Pedro de Mascarenhas who left the name ‘’Mascarene’’ for the whole region. The Portuguese took no interest in these isolated islands. They were already implanted in Asia in Goa, on the coast of Malabar, on the island of Ceylon (now Sri-Lanka) and on the Malaysian coast where their main establishments were located.

Their main African base was in Mozambique, therefore the Portuguese navigators preferred to use the Mozambican canal to go to India. The Comoros at the north proved to be a more practical port of call. Thus no permanent colony was established on the island by the Portuguese.

In 1598, a Dutch expedition consisting of eight ships set sail from the port of Texel (Netherlands) under the orders of admirals Jacques Cornelius Van Neck and Wybrandt Van Warwyck towards the Indian subcontinent. The eight ships ran into foul weather after passing the Cape of Good Hope and were separated. Three found their way to the northeast of Madagascar whereas the remaining five regrouped and sailed in a southeasterly direction. On 17 September, the five ships under the orders of Admiral Van Warwyck came into view of the island. On 20 September, they entered a sheltered bay which they gave the name of ‘’Port de Warwick’’ (present name is “Grand Port”). They landed and decided to name the island "Prins Maurits van Nassaueiland", after Prince Maurits (Latin version: Mauritius) of the House of Nassau, the stadtholder of Holland, but from those days, only the name Mauritius has remained. On 2 October, the ships took to the sea again towards Bantam.

From then on, the island’s ’’Port de Warwick’’ was used by the Dutch as a stopover after long months at sea. In 1606, two expeditions came for the first time to what would later become Port-Louis in the northwest part of the island. The expedition, consisting of eleven ships and 1,357 men under the orders of Admiral Corneille came into the bay, which they named “Rade des Tortues” (literally meaning Harbor of the Tortoises) because of the great number of terrestrial tortoises they found there.

From that date, Dutch sailors shifted their choice to “Rade des Tortues” as harbor. In 1615, the shipwrecking and death of governor Pieter Both, who was coming back from India with four richly laden ships in the bay, caused the route to be considered as cursed by Dutch sailors and they tried to avoid it as much as possible. In the meantime, the British and the Danes were beginning to make incursions into the Indian Ocean. Those who landed on the island freely cut and took with them the precious bark of the Ebony trees, then found in profusion all over the island.

Dutch colonization (1638–1710)
 

Dutch colonization started in 1638 and ended in 1710, with a brief interruption between 1658 and 1666. Numerous governors were appointed at the head of the island during which it was inhabited, but the continuous hardships like cyclones, droughts, pest infestations, lack of food and illnesses finally took their toll and the island was abandoned definitely in 1710.

The island was not permanently inhabited for the forty years since discovery by the Dutch, but in 1638 Cornelius Gooyer established the first permanent Dutch settlement in Mauritius with a garrison consisting of twenty-five persons. He thus became the first governor of the island. In 1639, thirty more men came to reinforce the Dutch colony. Gooyer was instructed to develop the commercial potential of the island, but he did nothing of the sort, so he was recalled. His successor was Adriann van der Stel who began the development in earnest, developing the export of Ebony bark. For the purpose, Van der Stel bought 105 Malagasy slaves to the island. Within the first week, about sixty slaves were able to run away into the forests and about only twenty of them were eventually recaptured.

In 1644, the islanders were faced with many months of hardships, due to delayed shipment of supplies, bad harvests and cyclones. During those months, the colonists could only rely on themselves by fishing and hunting. Nonetheless, Van der Stel secured the shipment of 95 more slaves from Madagascar, before being transferred to Ceylon. His replacement was Jacob van der Meersh. In 1645, the latter brought in 108 more Malagasy slaves. Van der Meersh left Mauritius in September 1648 and was replaced by Reinier Por.

In 1652, more hardships befell on the colonists, masters and slaves alike. The population was then of about a hundred people. The continuing hardships affected the commercial potential island and a pullout was ordered in 1657. On 16 July 1658, almost all the inhabitants left the island, except for a ship’s boy and two slaves who had taken shelter in the forests. Thus the first attempt at colonization by the Dutch ended badly.

In 1664, a second attempt was made, but this one also ended badly as the men chosen for the job abandoned their sick commander, Van Niewland, without proper treatment and the latter eventually died.
 

From 1666 to 1669, Dirk Jansz Smient administered the new colony at Grand Port, with the cutting down and export of Ebony trees as the main activity. When Dirk Jansz Smient left, he was replaced by George Frederik Wreeden. The latter died in 1672, drowned with five other colonists during a reconnaissance expedition. His replacement would be Hubert Hugo. The later was a man of vision and wanted to make the island into an agricultural colony. His vision was not shared by his superiors and eventually could not fully develop his vision.

Issac Johannes Lamotius became the new governor when Hugo left in 1677. Lamotius governed until 1692, when he was deported to Batavia for judgment for persecuting a colonist whose wife had refused his courtship. Thus in 1692 a new governor, Roelof Deodati, was appointed. Even if he tried to develop the island, Deodati faced many problems, like cyclones, pest infestations, cattle illnesses and droughts. Discouraged, Deodati eventually gave up and his replacement would be Abraham Momber Van de Velde. The latter fared no better and eventually became the last Dutch governor of the island for that period. Thus the Dutch abandoned the island definitely in 1710.

Treatment of slaves
 

Slaves were not particularly well treated by the colonists and revolts or the act of organizing one was severely repressed and punished. Some punishments consisted of amputation of various parts of the body and exposure in the open air for a day as example to others, eventually culminating in condemned slaves’ execution at sunset.

Legacy of the Dutch
 

•Providing the name for the country and for many regions over the whole island. Some examples include the ‘Pieter Both’ mountain, the ‘Vandermeersh’ region near Rose-Hill as well as many other names.
•Introduction of sugar cane plants from Java
•Decimating the local dodo and giant tortoise population for food and by introducing competing species and pests, sometimes involuntarily.
•Clearing of large swaths of forests for Ebony bark exploitation
Abandoned by the Dutch, the island became a French colony when, in September 1715, Guillaume Dufresne D'Arsel landed and took possession of this port of call on the route to India. He named the island "Isle de France", but it was only in 1721 that the French started their occupation. However, it was only as from 1735, with the arrival of the most illustrious of French governor, Mahé de La Bourdonnais, that the "Isle de France" started developing effectively.

Mahé de La Bourdonnais established Port Louis as a naval base and a ship-building centre. Under his governorship, numerous buildings were built, a number of which are still standing today: part of Government House, the Chateau de Mon Plaisir at Pamplemousses and the Line Barracks. The island was under the administration of the French East India Company which maintained its presence until 1767.

From that year until 1810, the island was in charge of officials appointed by the French Government, except for a brief period during the French Revolution, when the inhabitants set up a government virtually independent of France.

During the Napoleonic wars, the "Isle de France" had become a base from which French corsairs organised successful raids on British commercial ships. The raids continued until 1810 when a strong British expedition was sent to capture the island. A preliminary attack was foiled at Grand Port in August 1810, but the main attack launched in December of the same year from Rodrigues, which had been captured a year earlier, was successful. The British landed in large numbers in the north of the island and rapidly overpowered the French, who capitulated. By the Treaty of Paris in 1814, the "Isle de France" which was renamed 'Mauritius' was ceded to Great Britain, together with Rodrigues and the Seychelles. In the act of capitulation, the British guaranteed that they would respect the language, the customs, the laws and the traditions of the inhabitants.

British rule (1810–1968)
 

Despite the only French naval victory (during the Napoleonic Wars) of Battle of the Grand Port on 19 and 20 August 1810 by the fleet commanded by Pierre Bouvet, Mauritius was captured on the 3 December 1810 by the British under Commodore Josias Rowley. Their possession of the island was confirmed four years later by the Treaty of Paris (1814). French institutions, including the Napoleonic code of law, were maintained. The French language was at that moment still used more widely than English.

The British administration, which began with Robert Farquhar as governor, was followed by rapid social and economic changes. One of the most important events was the abolition of slavery in 1835. The planters received a compensation of two million pounds sterling for the loss of their slaves which had been imported from Africa and Madagascar during the French occupation.

Mauritian Creoles trace their origins to the plantation owners and slaves who were brought to work the sugar fields. Indo-Mauritians are descended from Indian immigrants who arrived in the nineteenth century to the Aapravasi Ghat in order to work as indentured laborers after slavery was abolished in 1833. Included in the Indo-Mauritian community are Muslims (about 17% of the population) from the Indian subcontinent. The Franco-Mauritian elite controls nearly all of the large sugar estates and is active in business and banking. As the Indian population became numerically dominant and the voting franchise was extended, political power shifted from the Franco-Mauritians and their Creole allies to the Indo-Mauritians.

Conflicts arose between the Indian community (mostly sugarcane labourers) and the Franco-Mauritians in the 1920s, leading to several – mainly Indian – deaths. Following this the Mauritius Labour Party was founded in 1936 by Maurice Cure to safeguard the interest of the labourers. Cure was succeeded a year later by Emmanuel Anquetil who tried to gain the support of the port workers. After his death, Guy Rozemond took over the leadership of the party.

Indentured labour, the coolie trade and "coolitude"
 

When slavery was abolished in 1834, an attempt was made to secure a cheap source of adaptable labour for intensive sugar plantations in Mauritius. Indentured labour began with Chinese, Japanese, African and Malagasy labourers, but ultimately, it was India which was to supply the much needed coolies to Mauritius. This period of intensive use of Indian labour took place during British rule, with many brutal episodes and a long struggle for respect from the indentured. The island soon became the key-point in the coolie trade, as thousands of Indians set from Calcutta or Karikal to modify the social, political and economic physionomies of the island, but also beyond, till the West Indies.

The meeting of people from mosaic India, China, Africa and Europe began a process of hybridation and intercultural frictions and dialogues, which poet Khal Torabully has termed "coolitude".

Towards independence
 

Elections in 1947 for the newly created Legislative Assembly marked Mauritius' first steps toward self-rule and was won by the Labour Party, headed by Guy Rozemont. It was the first time the elite Francophones were ousted out of power. An independence campaign gained momentum after 1961, when the British agreed to permit additional self-government and eventual independence. A coalition composed of the Mauritian Labour Party (MLP), the Muslim Committee of Action (CAM) of Sir Abdool Razack Mohamed, and the Independent Forward Bloc (IFB) – a traditionalist Hindu party – won a majority in the 1967 Legislative Assembly election, despite opposition from Franco-Mauritian and Creole supporters of Gaetan Duval's and Jules Keoing's Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD). The contest was interpreted locally as a referendum on independence. The election was won by a small margin. The constituency No. 15 was capital to the winning of the pro-independence coalition. The MLP led alliance was able to win this constituency only due to the support of the CAM, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, MLP leader and chief minister in the colonial government, became the first prime minister after independence, on March 12, 1968. This event was preceded by a period of communal strife, brought under control with assistance from British troops.The communal strife that preceded independence lead to around 300 deaths.

From independence to the end of the twentieth century
 

The 1970s saw the emergence of the Mouvement Militant Mauricien/Parti Socialiste Mauricien (MMM/PSM) led by Paul Bérenger. The MMM was founded in 1970 and had three initial leaders, Paul Bérenger, Dev Virasawmy and Juneid Jeeroobarkhan. The MMM won its first election in a by election of constituency No.5 by electing Dev Virasawmy. Until 1982, Sir Seewoosagur was Prime Minister, his Labour Party in coalition with Duval's PMSD. In 1982, the coalition of Mouvement Militant Mauricien/Parti Socialiste Mauricien came to power in a landslide electoral victory, with Anerood Jugnauth as Prime Minister and Harish Boodhoo as the deputy Prime Minister. The coalition split in 1983, with Anerood Jugnauth forming the Mouvement Socialiste Mauricien (MSM), which became the governing party, with Jugnauth as Prime Minister. Sir Seewoosagur subsequently became Governor-General, although the MSM planned to make the country a republic within the Commonwealth, with him as President. An attempt to make the country a republic in 1990, with Bérenger as President failed, owing to political opposition.

Following Sir Seewoosagur's death, his son, Navin Ramgoolam succeeded him as leader of the MLP. However, the MLP and PMSD were defeated at the 1991 election, which saw Sir Anerood Jugnauth re-elected. On March 12, 1992 Mauritius finally became a republic within the Commonwealth, with Cassam Uteem as president.

Navin Ramgoolam formed a coalition with the MMM at the parliamentary elections in 1995, leaving the MSM in opposition.

Present day
 

At the next elections in 2001, Sir Anerood Jugnauth’s MSM, in coalition with Paul Bérenger’s MMM was returned to power, with Sir Anerood Jugnauth appointed as prime minister. He subsequently retired as Prime Minister after 3 years and assumed the office of President. For the remaining time of the elected government the Prime Minister’s post was filled by Paul Bérenger. At the 2005 general elections, the MLP led Alliance Sociale coalition won the elections and Navin Ramgoolam became Prime Minister. Sir Anerood Jugnauth remains at the presidency.